ABSTRACT
Purpose: The Multicentre observational REgistry of patients hospitalized for heart failure and reAL-life adherence to international guidelines for the management of patients with acute and chronic Heart Failure (REAL-HF) aims to provide a comprehensive overview of hospital management of HF patients in Italy. Method(s): The registry involves 11 cardiology centers from seven Italian regions, including all adult patients hospitalized for HF in the period 2020-2026. Data are derived from hospital discharge letters and electronic records. Patients are included in the registry based on Diagnosis Related Groups codes. Result(s): This preliminary analysis included 1600 patients hospitalized for HF in 2020 in two Italian tertiary university hospitals. Males were 851(53%) with a median age of 81(71-87) years. Less than one-third of the patients (n=461[29%]) was hospitalized in a cardiology unit, while almost half of the patients (n=783[49%]) was admitted to an internal medicine ward. Median hospital length of stay was 9(6-14) days. Readmission rates were 9% and 29% at 30 days and within the same year, respectively. In-hospital mortality was 9%, while 28% of the patients died within the same year. According to HF categories, 501(31%) patients were diagnosed as having HFrEF, 193(12%) mildly reduced ejection fraction (HFmrEF) and 689(43%) preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). Median left ventricular EF was 49%(35-55%) and was significantly lower in patients with HFrEF (30%[25-35%]) compared to those with HFmrEF (45%[43-45%]) and HFpEF (55%[55-60%]) - p<0.001. Coronary artery disease proved to be the leading cause (n=460[29%]) of HF. Atrial fibrillation was highly prevalent (history -13%;during hospitalization -37%). Arterial hypertension was the most prevalent (71%) cardiovascular risk factor. Chronic kidney disease (51%) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (27%) were frequent comorbidities. Apparently, COVID-19 had a low impact, being present in only 3% of patients hospitalized for HF in 2020 at both centers. At discharge, 56% of patients were treated with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors-ACEi (n=490[34%]), angiotensin receptor blockers-ARB (n=221[15%]) or angiotensin-neprilysin inhibitors-ARNi (n=100[7%]), 67%(n=964) with beta-blockers, while mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists- MRAs were prescribed for 56%(n=809) of patients. Loop diuretics were frequently prescribed (89%). When we considered patients with HFrEF, we found that only 69% were treated with ACEi/ARB/ARNi, 82% with a beta-blocker, and 67% with MRAs. Only 48% (n=240) were treated with all three of the abovementioned classes of drugs. Among patients with HFrEF, only 5% had an implantable cardioverter defibrillator, and only 4% were treated with cardiac resynchronization therapy. Patients hospitalized in wards other than cardiology were older (83vs70 years, p<0.0001), more frequently females (52%vs44%, p<0.001), and with HFpEF (51%vs24%, p<0.0001). In-hospital mortality and death within the same year resulted significantly lower in patients hospitalized in cardiology units (5%vs11% - p<0.001, and 17%vs32% - p<0.001). Overall, drugs indicated in HF were less frequently prescribed in patients hospitalized in non-specialist cardiac units. Conclusion(s): Preliminary data from the multicentre REAL-HF registry confirm that HF constitutes a clinical issue. Adherence to the guidelines is still inadequate and this may impact on patients' outcomes. Moreover, the significant differences in terms of patients' profiles might further increase the gap between highly specialized cardiology units and internal medicine departments.
ABSTRACT
Pollution is one of the main problems faced by cities nowadays, due to the increase in emissions from anthropogenic sources resulting from economic, industrial and demographic development. High values of pollutants, such as atmospheric particulate matter, lead to adverse effects on the environment and human health, causing the spread of respiratory, cardiovascular and neurological problems. For instance, recent work shows a connection between the spread of the Covid-19 pandemic and environmental pollution. In this context, urban monitoring of pollutants can allow to evaluate and perform actions aimed at reducing pollution in order to safeguard citizens' health. This study proposes a method to design an urban air quality monitoring system. It uses the AHP multi-criteria decision-making technique to define the initial positioning of the sensors, and the cellular automata mathematical model for the following optimization, from which the final configuration of the network is derived. In the present case study, the monitoring concerns atmospheric particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) and is carried out with six sensors that constitute a LoRaWAN network, as often used for monitoring activities in smart cities.